topics

• ThePoolofIssueTopics 網路討論通用順序
• ThePoolofArgumentTopics 網路討論通用順序
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Overview

• a 45-minute "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task (pick 1 among 2): provide relevant reasons and examples to explain and support your views. choose one topics--> think about the issue--> plan a response-->compose your essay.
• a 30-minute "Analyze an Argument" task: critique a given argument by discussing how well reasoned you find it. analyze the argument--> plan a critique-->compose your response. check for obvious errors.

The two tasks are complementary in that one requires you to construct your own argument by taking a position and providing evidence supporting your views on the issue, whereas the other requires you to critique someone else's argument by assessing its claims and evaluating the evidence it provides.

GRADING:

1. readers assign scores based on the overall quality of the response, considering all of its characteristics in an integrated way.
2. 引用別人的句子 一定要標明..如果發現有些似的句子.會標明出處..或明顯背誦..將扣分

ISSUE

(critical thinking and persuasive writing.)

• 有效地識別與處理原論點的複雜性和各觀點間的牽連關係
• 有效地組織、發展並表達你自己的見解
• 有效地支持自己的觀點（通過列舉原因和例證）
• 有效地支配標準書面英語的各項要素（語法、巨型以及語言的運用）

重要的是你怎麼樣表達並支持你的見解，而不是你的見解是什麼。

• Each topic, presented in quotation marks, makes a claim about an issue that test takers can discuss from various perspectives and apply to many different situations or conditions.（每個主題包含一個關於某個議題的主張，讓考生可以從多個觀點討論並應用在多個情況或狀況。）
• present a compelling case for your own position on the issue. Be sure to read the claim carefully and think about it from several points of view, make notes about the position you want to develop and list the main reasons and examples that you could use to support that position. （從多個觀點思考主張，記下你要發展的立場與支持這個立場的主要的原因和例子。）
• The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might:
  • agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others （同意或不同意或同意部分）
  • question the assumptions the statement seems to be making （質疑聲明的假設）
  • qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue （證明任何一項說法，尤其是對你的觀點重要的部份）
  • point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others （指出為什麼主張在某些情況下是成立，但某些不成立）
  • evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective （評價與你的觀點相對立的觀點）
• develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example. No right or wrong. the readers are evaluating the skill with which you articulate and develop an argument to support your position on the issue. （用幾個相關或一個延伸性的例子發展你的立場。沒有對或錯。閱卷者會評量你論述發展是否清楚）
• You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies; instead, you should be able to use reasons, evidence, and examples to support your position on an issue. （你應該用原因、證據跟例子來支持你的立場）
• 對象: an academic audience.
• 評分：
  • use of examples
  • development and support
  • organization
  • language fluency
  • word choice. 例: government should fund art museums
    • "support" your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that museums are public places where art is available to anyone.
    • " not support" point out that, given limited governmental funds, art museums are not as deserving of governmental funding as are other, more socially important, institutions.
    • "only under certain conditions" focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns, or political conditions that you think should determine how—or whether—art museums receive government funds.
    • It is not your position that matters so much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position.
• 準備
  • 理解題目
  • 與自己的經驗及知識結合.找出能有說服力的例子與想法
  • 決定立場
  • 決定觀點與例子 拿到題目時問下列問題
    • What, precisely, is the central issue?
    • Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not?
    • Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable?
    • Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they?
    • Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim?
    • If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position?
    • What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance
    • my point of view? Which examples are most compelling?
• 決定立場後.自問
  • What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position?
  • How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay?
• 選題目
  • Which topic do I find more interesting or engaging?
  • Which topic more closely relates to my own academic studies or other experiences?
  • On which topic can I more clearly explain and defend my perspective?
  • On which topic can I more readily think of strong reasons and examples to support my position?
• 範文(p9~14)
  • 1分—邏輯相斥，文辭雜亂無章
  • 2分—立場不清，例證毫無相關，無連接
  • 3分—立場清楚，但例證不完整，與事實相反
  • 4分—例證完整適中，但有些不具說服力，邏輯性不夠強，且文字不精確
  • 5分—文章發展完整，清晰，有連接詞連接全文，文法上有小錯誤(標點符號，句型)
  • 6分—例證符合邏輯，有說服力，用字精確，譬喻生動

寫作的建議與禁忌

• 要將原論點分成幾個組成部分或非連續的範圍加以考慮。
• 要給你自己的立場留有轉圜的餘地。這可以透過證明你自己的觀點和承認其他觀點來實現。
• 要解釋清楚你的每個例子是如何闡明你的觀點的。
• 不要浪費時間去猜測閱卷者的立場。反之，要針對 issue 本身提出自己獨到的見解，總結自己的立場並給予良好的支持。
• 不要勉強自己同意或否定 issue 作文題目，也要避免過於武斷或極端。處理 issue 的時候，可以把它當作一次腦力激盪，而不是當作分享個人信仰的論壇。
• 不要過於詳細的描述某個細節，或想要照顧的面面俱到。考量時間，盡量按照提綱涵蓋更多要點，保持段落的平衡。
• 不要過於誇張，盡量將真實經歷和學術知識加以廣泛的結合來證明論點。
• 不要將 issue 作文當作一次關於瑣事的爭論。盡量運用閱卷者可能知曉的人名或事件來支持立場。

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ARGUMENT

(critical thinking, perceptive reading, and analytical writing skills)

• 有效地辯明並分析論點的關鍵要素
• 有效地組織、發展並表達你的評論
• 有效地支持你的論點（通過列舉理由和例子）
• 有效地支配標準書面英語的各項要素

除了第一點以外，其他與 issue 很類似。

• discuss the logical soundness of the author's case by critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence
• pay special attention to
  • what is offered as evidence, support, or proof
  • what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded
  • what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof
  • what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated
  • the structure of the argument(transition)
• point:
  • 非statements are true or accurate 是conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements
  • 非agree or disagree with the position stated;是comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated.
  • 非express your own views是evaluate the logical soundness of an argument
• 寫作技巧
  • alternative explanation
  • analysis
  • argument
  • assumption
  • conclusion
  • counterexample
• 準備方式
  • carefully read the argument—you might want to read it over more than once
  • identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible
  • think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can
  • think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims
  • ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound
• any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.

範文 (p18~22)

1分—只是換句話說論點，文法也有問題。

2分—並沒有批論批評論，小錯誤不斷

3分—前半段只是在重述論點，後面的評論有提出，但發展不夠完整

4分—抓住文章的弱點(數據推論不合理)，推論清晰，但沒有連接詞。句子發展不出色

5分—開頭切中主題。推論清楚有組織性，但不夠深入詳盡

6分—開頭點出錯誤的推論會造成什麼後果。詳盡的指出論提的主要瑕疵，並且發展完全。簡潔有力

建議與禁忌

• 要仔細分析並找出 argument 中至少三、四個論證或者證據方面的錯誤。
• 要用充份的理由和／或恰當的例子來支持你的觀點。論證不要離題。
• 不要在評論中參雜自己的主觀想法。
• 要討論一下使 argument 的論點更有說服力還缺乏什麼，以及如何才能更深入的評論。
• 要在你的文章中合乎邏輯地安排各論點的順序。（主要是照錯誤出現的先後順序）學會運用過渡詞或短語銜接文章的各部份。
• 不要僅重述或變相重述 argument 的論點。應該要直截了當地說出對方的觀點錯在哪裡。
• 不要在結尾段提出 argument 其他的錯誤。結尾段應該要重申論點或提出使 argument 更具說服力還需要什麼，以及還有哪些信息有助於你對它的評判。

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備考方式

• 備考方案及考試時間
  • 快速備考法：

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